This study is a careful and refreshing evaluation of the long-held views of Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism and the views of those who consider “punctuated equilibrium” to be the best explanation of the existing world of living beings. Darwinists and Neo-Darwinists hold that organisms are able to respond to only minor fluctuations in their environment. This view has come under increasing criticism, in large part because there is no evidence for gradualism in the fossil record.